B.8 Identify and distinguish among unconditioned, conditioned, and generalized punishers

Punishers are stimuli that decrease the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. They can also be divided into three main types: unconditioned punishers, conditioned punishers, and generalized punishers.

Unconditioned Punishers (UP)

Punishers that are naturally aversive and do not require learning.

Examples:

• Loud noises

• Extreme temperatures

• Physical pain

These punishers are inherently unpleasant and universally effective.

Conditioned Punishers (CP)

Stimuli that become punishing through association with other punishers.

Examples:

• The word “no” (associated with correction or disapproval)

• A stern look (associated with reprimand)

• The smell of mint (associated with discomfort at the dentist)

Conditioned punishers depend on the individual’s experiences and learning history.

Generalized Punishers (GP)

• What they are: Conditioned punishers that are associated with multiple other punishers, making them effective in reducing a variety of behaviors.

• Examples:

  • A student who struggles with reading might associate books with frustration, reducing engagement.

  • A child frequently scolded in a specific setting may associate that environment with negative feelings.

Generalized punishers can influence behavior across multiple contexts.

1. Punishers can be positive or negative:

   • Positive Punishers: Add something undesirable (e.g., scolding, extra chores).

   • Negative Punishers: Remove something desirable (e.g., taking away a toy or privilege).

     
     

2. Punishment discourages behavior: Whether through unconditioned, conditioned, or generalized punishers, the goal is to decrease undesirable behaviors.